In this paper, Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (COFDM) based Radio over Fiber (RoF) system is simulated (for different bit rates) for different modulation techniques to observe impact on system parameter [quality factor (Q)]. Influence of increasing bit rates has been observed for 2 km long linear multimode fiber. To reduce dispersion due to multimode fiber, convolutional encoder (code rate ½, generator polynomial 1338, 1718) and viterbi hard decision decoding algorithm are chosen for simulative model of COFDM based RoF system. Transmission of 32 sub-carriers with externally modulated continuous wave laser source gave satisfied results for Q values.

The objective of this paper is to develop an understanding of the diseases related with gallbladder, liver, and biliary tract. The study focuses on human biliary system that is how bile flows in the human body. This can be done by developing an understanding of gallbladder and bile flowing in the body and related organs very briefly. Gallstone is an important disease of gallbladder and is closely related to pressure drop. A small model for the human biliary system is also analyzed in this study. The cylindrical model of gallbladder and ducts in contraction and extension phase is used for the study. The amount of substances present in the organ varies in these cases. With the help of this study it is concluded that the flux decreases on increasing the radius and length of the cylinder. It is observed that the behavior of flow of bile in gallbladder is similar to the flow of bile in the ducts.

The purpose of this paper is to prove new common fixed point theorem in Intuitionistic fuzzy metric space. While proving our result, we utilize the idea of occasionally weakly compatible maps due to Al-Thagafi and N. Shahzad. Our result substantially generalize and improve a multitude of relevant common fixed point theorems of the existing literature in fuzzy metric and Intuitionistic fuzzy metric space.

The importance of guidance and counseling programme in secondary schools, include bringing to the students an increased understanding of the educational, vocational and social information needed to make wise choices. In our society there are many influencing forces responsible for the gradual recognition of formal guidance to young people in various educational levels. This review paper focuses on the role of ICT on guidance and counseling in secondary schools. Counseling is a form of education, which the students receive from their counselors. The essence of incorporating guidance and counseling into the school system was to eliminate overwhelming ignorance of many young people on their choices of career prospects and personality maladjustment among school children. The role of ICT in guidance can be seen in three ways: as a tool, as an alternative, or as an agent of change. The growth of websites and help lines as forms of technically mediated service delivery means that the potential of ICT as a change agent is now greater than ever before. The telephone, websites and e-mail, alongside face-to-face facilities, could be alternative services; or they could be portals into a wide, flexible and well-harmonized network of services. The paper recommends that principals should make provision for guidance and counseling on the school time table. Most importantly secondary school ICT adoption should be encouraged by the ministry of education.

This paper presents an OCR (optical character recognition) system for the handwritten Gurmukhi numerals. A lot of work has been done in recognition of characters and numerals of various languages like English, Chinese, and Arabic etc. But in case of handwritten Gurmukhi script very less work has been reported. Different Wavelet transforms are used in this work for feature extraction. Also zonal densities of different zones of an image have been used in the feature set. In this work, 100 samples of each numeral character have been used. The back propagation neural network has been used for classification. An average recognition accuracy of 88.83% has been achieved.

This paper deals with an investigation on discrete model of host commensal pair. The model comprises of a commensal (S1), a host (S2) that benefit S1, without getting effected either positively or adversely. The model is characterized by a couple of first order non-linear ordinary differential equations. In all, four equilibrium points of the model would exist and their stability criteria is discussed. The model would be stable if each of the eigen values is numerically less than one. Further the growth rates of the species are numerically estimated using Runge-Kutta fourth order scheme.

Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a self-organized wireless network, consisting of nodes (mobile devices) responsible for its creation, operation and maintenance. The communication in the MANET is of multihop in nature due to absence of any fixed infrastructure. An attacker may intrude easily into MANET by posing as legitimate intermediate node and present various types of security attacks on data exchanges taking place between source and destination. In this paper we study the impact of presence of black hole node on MANET performance on the basis of reachability, hop count, neighbor node density and path optimality. We observe that as the percentage of black hole nodes increases, the MANET performance degrades significantly.

Communication in Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is accomplished using routing protocols. These protocols provide an efficient and reliable path for data sharing. In static environment where the nodes are stationary these protocols performs exceptionally well but in an environment having mobile nodes the performance of these protocols degrade drastically. To investigate this factor various researchers developed mobility models using simulation tools such as QUALNET, NS-2 etc. These models represent the erratic movement of nodes and give us an idea regarding their location, velocity and acceleration change over time. This paper is an effort to study the effect of mobility models such as Random Way Point, File and Group Mobility Models on the performance of routing protocols using QUALNET simulator. The results show that the choice of mobility models affect the performance of routing protocol significantly.